Biomarker Directory
We aim to support a wide range of blood biomarkers. Our list is constantly growing, and we welcome requests for additions.
Biomarkers are measurable indicators of biological processes in your body. Understanding them is key to optimizing your health and longevity.
Biomarker Insights
Sample Analysis
Vitamin D (25-OH)
Low
Consider supplementation and sun exposure
Current Level
18 ng/mL
Optimal Range
30-100 ng/mL
What Are Biomarkers?
Biomarkers are measurable substances in your blood that indicate biological processes, health status, or responses to treatment. They serve as objective indicators of your health and can help predict future health outcomes.
Measurable Indicators
Quantifiable substances in your blood that can be measured with precision and accuracy.
Health Snapshot
Provide real-time insights into your body's current physiological state and function.
Predictive Power
Help identify potential health risks before symptoms appear, enabling proactive healthcare.
What is the HemoAge Reference Engine?
Traditional labs use generic ranges that ignore your demographics. Our Reference Engine leverages massive population datasets to provide precise, age and sex-specific ranges that dynamically adjust based on available data depth.
Traditional Labs
One-size-fits-all ranges. A 25-year-old woman gets the same reference as a 65-year-old man.
HemoAge Engine
Massive population datasets with dynamic algorithms that provide narrow, precise ranges tailored to your exact age and sex.
The Difference
From broad generic ranges to precise demographic-specific insights that actually guide optimization.
Population Insights & Recommendations
See how common biomarker patterns affect health and what our Reference Engine recommends.
HemoAge Reference Engine
Sample Data
n = 8,247
Population Distribution
Extreme
Moderate
Normal
Your Value
Based on: Women, Age 25-35 years
Engine Features
Age & Sex Specific Ranges
Ranges tailored to your exact demographic profile for maximum accuracy.
Percentile Analysis
See exactly where you stand compared to thousands of people like you.
Large Population Datasets
Built on comprehensive studies with thousands of participants.
Optimal vs Normal Ranges
Beyond normal - discover ranges associated with peak health and longevity.
Vitamin D Deficiency
Over 40% of adults worldwide have insufficient vitamin D levels (<30 ng/mL), which is linked to weakened immunity, bone health issues, and increased biological aging.
HemoAge Recommendation: Aim for 30-50 ng/mL through daily supplementation (2000-4000 IU) and moderate sun exposure. Consider higher doses if severely deficient.
LDL Cholesterol Optimization
Studies show that people with LDL cholesterol below 70 mg/dL have significantly lower cardiovascular risk and slower biological aging compared to those with higher levels.
HemoAge Recommendation: Maintain LDL <70 mg/dL through omega-3 rich foods, regular exercise, and consider plant sterols. Monitor particle size for comprehensive assessment.
Endocrine Function
Assessment of hormone production, regulation, and the balance of your endocrine system.
| Biomarker | Description | Also Known As |
|---|---|---|
| Estradiol | A primary female sex hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle and reproductive system. |
E2
estradiol level
estrogen
|
| Testosterone | A hormone responsible for male secondary sex characteristics. |
T
testosterone
|
| DHEAS | Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, crucial for hormone regulation and can be used in evaluating hormonal balance and conditions. |
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone
DHEA sulfate
DHEA-S
|
| Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) | A hormone that plays an important role in growth and development. It is the primary mediator of growth hormone's effects and is essential for normal growth, muscle development, and metabolic health. |
Somatomedin C
IGF-I
Insulin-like Growth Factor I
|
| Sex-Hormone Binding Globulin | A protein that binds to sex hormones, primarily testosterone and estradiol. |
SHBG level
sex hormone binding globulin
|
| Free Testosterone | A measure of the amount of testosterone available to the body. |
bioavailable testosterone
free T
free testosterone level
|
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | A hormone responsible for regulating the growth, development, and reproductive processes of the body. |
FSH hormone
Follicular stimulating hormone
|
| Cortisol | Stress hormone produced by adrenal glands, impacts metabolism and immune response. |
hydrocortisone
corticosteroid
Cortisol
|
| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | A hormone produced by the pituitary gland, vital for regulating reproductive functions. |
LH hormone
Luteinizing hormone
|
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | Controls thyroid gland function; abnormal levels can indicate thyroid disorders. |
thyroid-stimulating hormone
TSH
|
| Progesterone | A hormone important for the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. |
progesterone level
P4
|
| Prolactin | A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates milk production in mammals and has various other functions. |
PRL
Prolactin hormone
|
| Dihydrotestosterone | An androgen hormone important for male traits and reproductive activity. |
testosterone
|
| Prostate-Specific Antigen | A protein produced by prostate cells; high levels can indicate prostate cancer (tumor) or other prostate disorders. |
prostate
|
| Total Triiodothyronine (T3) | A thyroid hormone that helps regulate metabolism. |
Total T3
T3 Total
|
| Total Thyroxine (T4) | A hormone produced by the thyroid responsible for metabolism regulation. |
Total T4
T4 Total
|
| Free Thyroxine (Free T4) | The active form of thyroid hormone that helps regulate metabolism. |
t4 free
|
| Free Triiodothyronine (Free T3) | The active form of T3, helping regulate metabolism. |
t3 free
|
Metabolic Health
Indicators of your body's ability to transform nutrients into energy and the efficiency of cellular processes.
| Biomarker | Description | Also Known As |
|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | Represents average blood glucose levels over 2-3 months. Crucial for long-term glucose management in diabetes. |
A1c
Glycated Hemoglobin
Glycohemoglobin
Glycosylated Hemoglobin
|
| Glucose | A primary source of energy for body cells. Key for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes. |
blood sugar
sugar level
glucose level
D-glucose
Dextrose
|
| Insulin | A hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels. |
Insulin hormone
sugar
|
| C-Peptide | A substance produced along with insulin; used to measure how much insulin the body is making. |
Connecting Peptide
|
| Glycated Albumin (GA) | Albumin that has glucose attached; reflects average blood glucose levels over the preceding 2-3 weeks. |
GA
Fructosamine
|
| Adiponectin | A hormone produced by fat cells that helps regulate glucose levels and fatty acid breakdown. |
AdipoQ
|
| Leptin | A hormone produced by fat cells that helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger. |
biomarkers.LEPTIN.aliases
|
Blood Composition
Detailed analysis of blood components such as cells, plasma, and important markers.
| Biomarker | Description | Also Known As |
|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin | A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. |
Hb
hemoglobin
|
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) | Average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of blood. |
MCHC
|
| Mean Platelet Volume | Average volume of platelets in the blood. |
MPV
|
| Basophils Count | A type of white blood cell that plays a role in allergic reactions. |
basophil count
|
| Basophils Percentage | A type of white blood cell that plays a role in allergic reactions. |
basophil percentage
basophil %
|
| Hematocrit | Percentage of blood volume made up by red blood cells. |
Hct
hematocrit
|
| Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH) | Average amount of hemoglobin in a red blood cell. |
MCH
|
| Mean Cell Volume (MCV) | Average volume of a red blood cell. |
MCV
|
| Monocytes Count | A type of white blood cell that can become macrophages and help fight infections. |
monocyte count
monocytes
|
| Monocytes Percentage | A type of white blood cell that can become macrophages and help fight infections. |
monocyte percentage
monocyte %
|
| Neutrophils Count | A type of white blood cell that helps fight infections. |
neutrophil count
|
| Neutrophils Percentage | A type of white blood cell that helps fight infections. |
neutrophil percentage
neutrophil %
|
| Platelets | Cell fragments that play an important role in blood clotting. |
thrombocytes
platelet count
|
| Red Blood Cell Count | Measures the number of red blood cells in a volume of blood. |
RBC count
red cell count
erythrocytes
|
| Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) | Measure of the variation of red blood cell size. |
RDW
RDW-CV
RDWCV
CV
|
| Reticulocytes | Immature red blood cells, indicating bone marrow activity and red blood cell production rate. |
Retic Count
Reticulocyte Count
|
Liver Health
Functional status of the liver, its ability to detoxify and process nutrients.
| Biomarker | Description | Also Known As |
|---|---|---|
| Albumin | A main protein in blood plasma; it helps regulate osmotic pressure of blood. |
serum albumin
albumin
|
| Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) | An enzyme found in the liver. Elevated levels can indicate liver damage. |
SGPT
Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase
GPT
|
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) | An enzyme found in the liver and some other organs; its elevated levels can suggest liver damage. |
SGOT
Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase
GOT
|
| Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) | An enzyme that indicates possible liver damage or bile duct damage. |
Gamma-GT
GGT enzyme
|
| Bilirubin | Bilirubin is a substance produced during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. Total bilirubin levels can indicate liver dysfunction. |
Bilirubin Total
Total Billirubin
|
| Alkaline Phosphatase | An enzyme related to the bile ducts and liver. Elevated levels can indicate liver disease or bile duct obstruction. |
ALP
|
| Cholinesterase | An enzyme that helps break down certain neurotransmitters. Low levels can indicate liver disease or exposure to certain toxins. |
choline
|
| Lactate Dehydrogenase | An enzyme found in almost all body tissues. High levels can indicate tissue damage or chronic diseases. |
LDH levels
|
| Alpha-fetoprotein | A protein normally made by the liver and yolk sac of a developing baby; elevated levels can indicate liver cancer or certain genetic disorders. |
alpha
|
Immune System
Efficiency and responsiveness of your body's defense mechanisms against pathogens.
| Biomarker | Description | Also Known As |
|---|---|---|
| C-reactive Protein (CRP) | A marker of inflammation, can be indicative of heart disease. |
C-reactive protein
CRP
|
| Eosinophils Count | A type of white blood cell that plays a role in allergic reactions and fighting parasites. |
eosinophil count
|
| Eosinophils Percentage | A type of white blood cell that plays a role in allergic reactions and fighting parasites. |
eosinophil percentage
eosinophil %
|
| Granulocytes Count | Measures the total number of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) in a volume of blood. |
granulocyte count
GRAN#
granulocytes
|
| Granulocytes Percentage | Measures the percentage of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) relative to all white blood cells. |
granulocyte percentage
GRAN%
granulocytes %
|
| Lymphocytes Count | A type of white blood cell important for immune response. |
lymphocyte count
|
| Lymphocytes Percentage | A type of white blood cell important for immune response. |
lymphocyte percentage
lymphocyte %
|
| Leukocytes | White blood cells that help fight infections. |
white blood cells
WBC
leukocyte
|
| White Blood Cell Count | Measures the number of white blood cells in a volume of blood. |
WBC
white cell count
leukocyte count
|
Nutritional Status
Analysis of key nutrients and adequacy of dietary intake.
| Biomarker | Description | Also Known As |
|---|---|---|
| Iron | An essential mineral that is a component of hemoglobin in red blood cells. |
serum iron
Fe
Iron
|
| Vitamin D | Crucial for bone health and immune function. |
calciferol
Vitamin D2
Vitamin D3
vit d
vit d3
d3
|
| Ferritin | Indicative of body iron stores and potential iron-deficiency anemia. |
iron storage protein
Ferritin
|
| Calcium | Essential for bone health, muscle function, and nerve signaling. |
Ca
Calcium
|
| Folate | A naturally occurring B-vitamin (B9) important for DNA formation, brain function, and overall cell health. |
Vitamin B9
Pteroylmonoglutamic acid
Vitamine M
folate
|
| Folic Acid | A synthetic form of folate (Vitamin B9) used in dietary supplements and food fortification. It is converted into the biologically active form in the body. |
Vitamin B9
Pteroylmonoglutamic acid
Vitamine M
folate
|
| Potassium | An essential mineral critical for heart function, muscle contraction, and nerve transmission. |
K
Potassium
|
| Magnesium | Plays a role in over 300 enzymatic reactions including metabolism, muscle, and nerve function. |
Mg
Magnesium
|
| Sodium | An essential electrolyte that helps maintain water balance in cells and aids in muscle and nerve function. |
Na
Sodium
|
| Transferrin Saturation | A measure of the amount of iron bound to transferrin in the blood. |
Transferrin level
Iron saturation
|
| Transferrin | An iron-binding blood plasma glycoprotein that controls the level of free iron in biological fluids. |
Iron-binding protein
Siderophilin
|
| Transferrin Receptor | A cell surface receptor protein that mediates the uptake of transferrin-bound iron into cells. Elevated levels are associated with iron deficiency. |
TfR
CD71
Soluble Transferrin Receptor
sTfR
|
| Vitamin B12 | Vital for nerve tissue health, brain function, and red blood cell production. |
Cobalamin
Vitamin B12
Cyanocobalamin
|
| Total Iron Binding Capacity | Measures the blood's capacity to bind iron with transferrin. |
TIBC level
Iron-binding capacity
|
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) | Essential for energy metabolism and plays a role in nerve function. |
Thiamine
vit b1
|
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | Important for energy production and cellular function. |
Riboflavin
vit b2
|
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) | Important for protein metabolism, cognitive development, and the immune response. |
Pyridoxine
vit b6
|
| Vitamin E | A fat-soluble antioxidant important for immune response and skin health. |
Tocopherol
vit e
|
| Methylmalonic Acid | A compound that increases in the blood when vitamin B12 is deficient. It's a more sensitive marker for B12 deficiency than measuring B12 directly. |
MMA
Methylmalonzuur
|
| Copper | An essential trace mineral involved in energy production, iron metabolism, and connective tissue formation. |
Serum Copper
Cu
|
| Zinc | An essential trace mineral crucial for immune function, wound healing, DNA synthesis, and cell division. |
Serum Zinc
Zn
|
| Selenium | An essential trace mineral important for thyroid hormone metabolism, DNA synthesis, and protection from oxidative damage. |
Serum Selenium
Se
|
| Ceruloplasmin | The major copper-carrying protein in the blood; also involved in iron metabolism. |
Cp
|
| Copper/Zinc Ratio | Ratio of Copper to Zinc; imbalance is linked to inflammation, immune function, and mood disorders. |
Cu/Zn Ratio
Cu:Zn
|
Cardiovascular Health
Measures related to heart function, blood circulation, and overall cardiovascular wellness.
| Biomarker | Description | Also Known As |
|---|---|---|
| High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) | Good cholesterol; helps remove cholesterol from arteries. |
good cholesterol
HDL
high-density lipoprotein
|
| Total Cholesterol | Total amount of cholesterol in blood, includes both LDL and HDL cholesterol. |
cholesterol total
total chol
total lipid cholesterol
|
| Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) | Bad cholesterol; its buildup can lead to artery blockage. |
bad cholesterol
LDL
low-density lipoprotein
|
| Apo B | A major component of LDL cholesterol and is linked to heart disease risk. |
Apolipoprotein B
ApoB
|
| Triglycerides | A type of fat in the blood. Elevated levels can be indicative of metabolic syndrome or risk for heart disease. |
TG
Triacylglycerol
Triacylglycerides
|
| Non-HDL Cholesterol | A calculated value that represents all the atherogenic (potentially harmful) cholesterol particles in your blood. It is total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol. |
Non-HDL-C
Total Cholesterol minus HDL
|
| Homocysteine | An amino acid; high levels are linked to cardiovascular disease risk and B vitamin status. |
Hcy
|
| Lipoprotein(a) | A type of lipoprotein; high levels are an independent genetic risk factor for cardiovascular disease. |
Lp(a)
|
| Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) | An omega-3 fatty acid important for reducing inflammation and supporting cardiovascular health. |
Omega-3 EPA
|
| Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) | An omega-3 fatty acid crucial for brain health, eye function, and reducing inflammation. |
Omega-3 DHA
|
| LDL Particle Number (LDL-P) | The number of LDL particles in the blood; considered a strong predictor of cardiovascular risk. |
LDL Particle Count
|
| HDL Particle Number (HDL-P) | The number of HDL particles in the blood; higher numbers are generally associated with lower cardiovascular risk. |
HDL Particle Count
|
| Small LDL Particle Number | Smaller, denser LDL particles, which are considered more atherogenic (likely to cause plaque). |
Small Dense LDL
sdLDL
|
| Large HDL Particle Number | Larger HDL particles, often associated with better cardiovascular protection. |
Large HDL
|
| Fibrinogen | A protein involved in blood clotting; elevated levels can indicate inflammation and increased cardiovascular risk. |
Factor I
|
| Apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I) | The major protein component of HDL cholesterol; higher levels are associated with lower cardiovascular risk. |
ApoA1
Apo A-I
|
| Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) | A protein that stimulates the formation of blood vessels (angiogenesis). |
VEGF-A
|
| EPA/DHA Ratio | Ratio of EPA to DHA omega-3 fatty acids; reflects balance and potential inflammatory status. |
EPA:DHA
|
| Omega-3 Index | Percentage of EPA and DHA in red blood cell membranes; a long-term marker of omega-3 status. |
O3I
|
Inflammatory Status
Indicators of inflammatory processes within the body, both acute and chronic.
| Biomarker | Description | Also Known As |
|---|---|---|
| High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein | A more sensitive measure of CRP used to assess risk of cardiovascular disease. |
hs-CRP level
high sensitivity CRP
|
| Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) | A non-specific marker of inflammation that measures how quickly red blood cells settle at the bottom of a test tube. |
Sed Rate
Bezinking BSE
Sedimentation Rate
|
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | A cytokine involved in inflammation and immune response; elevated levels indicate inflammation. |
IL6
|
| Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) | A cytokine involved in systemic inflammation; plays a role in autoimmune diseases. |
TNFa
Cachectin
|
| 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) | A marker of oxidative DNA damage; used to assess oxidative stress levels. |
8-oxo-dG
|
Muscle Health
Health of muscular tissues, including performance and recovery abilities.
| Biomarker | Description | Also Known As |
|---|---|---|
| Creatine Kinase | An enzyme found in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle; elevated levels can indicate muscle damage. |
CK
CPK
Creatine Phosphokinase
|
Renal Function
Assessment of kidney function and filtration efficiency.
| Biomarker | Description | Also Known As |
|---|---|---|
| Uric Acid | A waste product formed from the natural breakdown of purines, high levels can lead to gout and kidney stones. |
Urate
|
| Creatinine | A waste product from muscle metabolism; high levels can indicate kidney dysfunction. |
Creatine
|
| Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) | An estimate of kidney function that assesses how well the kidneys are filtering waste from the blood. Calculated using the CKD-EPI formula. |
GFR
CKD-EPI eGFR
Kidney Function Test
|
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | A measure of urea nitrogen in the blood, reflecting kidney function and protein metabolism. |
Urea Nitrogen
|
| BUN/Creatinine Ratio | Ratio of Blood Urea Nitrogen to Creatinine; helps assess kidney function and hydration status. |
BUN:Creatinine
|
Vitamin Levels
Concentration and adequacy of essential vitamins for optimal health.
| Biomarker | Description | Also Known As |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A | An essential vitamin important for vision, immune function, and skin health. |
Retinol
vit a
|
Exogenous Substances
Presence and impact of substances introduced from external sources.
| Biomarker | Description | Also Known As |
|---|---|---|
| Lithium | Used primarily in the treatment of bipolar disorder; levels must be monitored. |
lit
|
| Sirolimus (Rapamycin) | An immunosuppressive drug used in organ transplantation; monitoring levels is essential. |
Rapamycin
|
Gastrointestinal Health
Status of digestive health, including nutrient absorption and gut flora balance.
| Biomarker | Description | Also Known As |
|---|---|---|
| Occult Blood in Feces | A test that detects hidden (occult) blood in the stool, which may indicate gastrointestinal bleeding from various sources including colorectal cancer, polyps, or inflammatory bowel disease. |
Fecal Occult Blood Test
FOBT
Hidden Blood in Stool
|